Pneumonia

Purpose	Detection of pneumonia on chest radiograph in adults
Tag(s)
Panel	Thoracic
Define-AI ID	18080002
Originator	Eric J. Stern
Panel Chair	Eric J. Stern
Panel Reviewers	Thoracic Panel
License	Creative Commons 4.0
Status	Published
RadElement Set	RDES73

                               

Value Proposition

Pneumonia is a potentially life-threatening, treatable lung disease. AI meeting this use case would help in accurately detecting, comparing, grading severity, and alerting both non-specialists and radiologists to suspected disease. In clinical settings where a radiologist is not readily available, such detection would be of value to non-radiologists. In clinical settings where radiologists are available, such detection could be used to alert the radiologist and prioritize its reporting and notification to the treating providers. For patients with pre-existing pulmonary opacities from other diseases such as interstitial lung disease, cystic fibrosis, or malignancy, detection of a new opacity is sometimes difficult, even for radiologists. Subtle pneumonias, such as those projecting below the dome of the diaphragms on front chest radiographs, can easily overlooked and lead to unnecessary CT scans, which AI could help reduce. One possible extension to this use case is to compare treated cases with previously detected pneumonia to assess for resolution, stability, deterioration, or complication.

Narrative(s)

Community Acquired Pneumonia
69-year-old presents to primary care provider with short duration fever, cough, and dyspnea. A chest radiograph (CXR) is obtained. Algorithm evaluates the image and categorizes as pneumonia present, absent, or undetermined. If a radiologist is not present at the time of imaging, an alert is provided to the ordering physician for positive exams. If a radiologist is present, a positive exam is prioritized in the radiologist worklist for urgent interpretation and reporting. Cases of multifocal or diffuse pneumonia, and those with pleural effusions or other co-morbidities, should take higher priority in the work queue compared to less severe disease. 

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
A 55 year old admitted to ICU and placed on mechanical ventilation is at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Algorithm evaluates image and categorizes the image as pneumonia present, absent, or unknown. If a radiologist is not present at the time of imaging, an alert is provided to the ordering provider. If a radiologist is present, a positive exam is prioritized in the radiologist worklist for urgent interpretation and reporting. 

Opportunistic Pneumonia
A 42 year old immunosuppressed patient has had a recent bone marrow transplant and receives multiple surveillance chest radiographs for early detection of opportunistic pneumonia.

Workflow Description

Image obtained from modality and sent to PACS and the AI engine. Image analyzed by engine. System detects and characterizes pneumonia. An alert message is sent to PACS from the engine with the information, and identification, and graphic highlighting the pneumonia.

Procedures(s): XRAY, Chest

View(s): {AP, PA/Lat, inclination e.g., upright, semi-upright, supine}

 

Sex at Birth: {Male, Female}

 

History: {fever, cough, dyspnea and synonyms, hypoxia, decreased oxygen saturation}

 

Comorbidities: {pleural fluid (including air/fluid levels), lung disease (eg. pneumonia/lung abscess, bullous emphysema, bronchiectasis), pneumomediastinum, other extrapleural air collections, atelectasis, lobar collapse, malignancy, left-sided congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, prior chest surgery, prior lung injury, prior treated/healed lung disease}

Clinical Note: Distinguishing pneumonia from basilar atelectasis is very difficult on the basis of radiographic findings alone and so requires additional clinical data , eg. White blood cell count, elevated body temperature, abnormal sputum production and character, acute or chronic cough, etc.

Inputs

DICOM Study

Procedure	XRAY, Chest
Views	AP, PA/Lat, inclination e.g., upright, semi-upright, supine
Data Type	DICOM
Modality	XRAY
Body Region	Chest
Anatomic Focus	Lung

 

Primary Outputs

Pneumonia Detection

RadElement ID	RDE339
Definition	Detection of pneumonia in adult patient
Data Type	Categorical
Value Set	Unknown Pneumonia present Pneumonia absent
Units	N/A

• Saliency map to localize the region of suspected pneumonia on radiograph
• Identify presence of possible tuberculosis

No known related public datasets at this time,  please alert us if you know of any.